There is no single universal definition.
People use “Pagan” and “Paganism” with different intentions. Some use Pagan as a broad umbrella term for modern religious and spiritual movements connected, in varied ways, with pre-Christian traditions. Others use it for a particular path or community, while some use it as a historical label rather than a present-day religious identity.
The same word can therefore carry different meanings even among people who identify with related traditions. A definition that fits one community may not describe another.
Writing and speaking tip
Define the term before using it. A short explanation of the intended meaning helps readers understand whether you are discussing history, modern religious identity, or a specific tradition.
Why context matters
Historical usage, academic writing, popular media and contemporary practitioners may all frame these terms differently. Context can show whether “Pagan” is being used descriptively, as a self-chosen identity, or as a broad category that includes several distinct paths.
It is also useful to remember that not every person associated with a Pagan tradition will choose the label. Respectful descriptions should follow the terminology a community or individual uses for themselves.