Christian Scriptures

The Gospels: four canonical texts and wider traditions.

A clear introduction to the Gospels associated with the New Testament, alongside early writings that were not included in the official canon.

Reading texts in historical context.

Section overview

What this collection explores

The term “Gospel” refers to an account of the life, teaching, death and claimed resurrection of Jesus. The four canonical Gospels—Mark, Matthew, Luke and John—became part of the New Testament, while other early Christian writings circulated outside the canon.

This section introduces the relationships among the texts, the questions raised by their similarities and differences, and the historical process by which particular writings came to be treated as authoritative.

A note on terminology“Canonical” describes writings accepted as Scripture within a particular Christian tradition. “Non-canonical” does not by itself mean that a text was unimportant; it indicates that it was not included in that canon.

Topics covered

Navigate the Gospel essays

Each link opens a focused article within the collection. Asterisks mark the four Gospels included in the New Testament.

* Mark, Matthew, Luke and John are the four canonical Gospels. The hypothetical Gospel of Q is discussed as a proposed source for material shared by Matthew and Luke; it does not survive as an intact manuscript.

Continue through the collection

Compare John

See how the Gospel of John differs in structure and emphasis from the Synoptic Gospels.

Read the comparison →

Explore cultural parallels

Review a comparative essay on Gospel narratives and themes found in wider ancient mythology.

Read the related essay →

Place it in context

Return to the broader Christian Scriptures section for surrounding background and terminology.

Browse Christianity →

Reader guide

Frequently asked questions

What does “Synoptic” mean?

It means “seen together.” Matthew, Mark and Luke share enough structure and material to be studied side by side.

Are all early Gospels in the New Testament?

No. Many writings circulated among early Christian communities, but only some were included in the canons recognized by Christian traditions.

What is the Gospel of Q?

Q is a scholarly name for a proposed collection of sayings or source material that may help explain material shared by Matthew and Luke. No complete copy is known.

Why are Matthew, Mark, Luke and John different?

Each Gospel presents a distinctive narrative, theological emphasis and arrangement of material. Differences do not require readers to ignore their shared subject.

Does this page decide which Gospel is true?

No. Religious Tolerance presents historical and textual information so readers can understand different interpretations without being directed toward one conclusion.

Where can I find unfamiliar terms?

Use the glossary for concise explanations, or begin with the site's start here guide.